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Grégoire Orlyk
Grégoire Orlyk, also Hryhor Orlyk ((ウクライナ語:Григор Пилипович Орлик),〔Sometimes spelled as Hryhir Orlyk ((ウクライナ語:Григір Пилипович Орлик)).〕 November 5, 1702, Baturyn – November 14, 1759, Minden), was a French military commander, special envoy and member of Louis XV's secret intelligence service. Grégoire Orlyk was born in Ukraine, the son of Ukrainian hetman in exile Pylyp Orlyk received good education in Sweden, served in Poland and Saxony, participated in secret efforts of France to restore on the Polish throne Stanisław Leszczyński. He later commanded the king's regiment of ''Royal suedois''. For his intelligence work and military exploits was given the title of a ''comte'' and promoted to the general's rank of Maréchal de camp. Grégoire Orlyk was an acquaintance of French philosopher Voltaire, championed Ukrainian cause in France and other countries.
== Background ==
Hryhor Orlyk was born on November 5, 1702 in Baturyn, the capital of Cossack Hetmanate in the family of Cossacks' ''General scribe'' Pylyp Orlyk. The family was very well connected with the then hetman Ivan Mazepa, who became Hryhor's godfather. After Mazepa's defeat at Poltava in 1709 him and his allies, including the family of Pylyp Orlyk fled Ukraine for the Ottoman territory — Bendery, (present day Moldova), where Orlyk and his family together with other Ukrainian émigrés and the defeated Swedish king Charles XII had lived for five years. Upon Mazepa's death, Pylyp Orlyk was proclaimed the hetman of Ukraine in exile and by agreement between Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1714 Charles XII and his allies were allowed safe passage to Sweden.〔Zerkalo Nedeli, Volodymyr Kravtsevych-Rozhnetsky (Orlyk's son. ) № 43 (418) 9 — 15 November 2002 (Ukrainian)〕
In Sweden the young Orlyk was signed up in the Swedish royal guard until in 1716 he began his studies at the Lund University. There he spent two years and received good education: studied music (and became a proficient lute player), philosophy and metaphysics,〔Bertil Häggman: "Son til ukrainsk 1700-talsstatschef med skånsk anknytning studerade i Lund." ''Lundagenealogen 2008:1''.〕 became fluent in Latin and several other European languages. After two more years in king's service in 1720 his father moved to Germany and took his son with him. There with the help of his father in 1721 he received a lieutenant's post in the cavalry guard of Saxony. His service there didn't last long, as in 1726 Russia demanded from Saxony his extradition and the young officer moved first to Austria and then to Poland, where he became an adjutant of the crown hetman. Eventually Orlyk allied himself with the pro-French party within the court that was trying to restore on the Polish throne Stanisław Leszczyński. Orlyk acted as a secret liaison between Joseph Poniatowski and the French ambassador in Warsaw.〔〔Ukrayina Moloda, Taras Marusyk (Hryhir Orlyk — son of the leader of the Cossack nation. ) № 077 27 April 2006 (Ukrainian)〕〔Kyiv Mohyla Academy, Encyclopaedia of KMA (Pylyp Orlyk - diplomat, general scribe, hetman of Ukraine in exile. ) (Ukrainian)〕
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